Determination of Grain Bulk Density Overview   Grain bulk density refers to the mass of grain per unit volume in its natural state, expressed in grams per liter (g/L). It serves as a core indicator for grading grain, evaluating grain quality and kernel plumpness, and directly reflects the kernel density, plumpness and uniformity of grain. Bulk density is adopted as one of the key judgment criteria for the grade classification of various grains including wheat, corn, legumes and millet. Accurate determination of grain bulk density is of great practical guiding significance for grain purchasing, storage, processing and trade pricing.   Experimental Purpose   By testing the bulk density value of grain, its quality grade and kernel plumpness can be accurately determined, so as to provide scientific data support for grain purchasing, storage grading and processing screening. This grain bulk density determination is conducted in accordance with the relevant standard methods for grain quality inspection. The ST128 Electronic Bulk Density Meter is a professional instrument specially designed for grain bulk density testing, which is applicable to the bulk density measurement of small-particle grains (wheat, millet) and large-particle grains (corn, legumes), meeting the professional requirements of grain inspection.   Experimental Samples and Instruments     Experimental Sample: Wheat (replaceable with corn, legumes, millet and other grains) Experimental Instruments: ST128 Electronic Bulk Density Meter Auxiliary tools such as sample leveling implement Operating Procedures Connect the power supply of the ST128 Electronic Bulk Density Meter and turn on the power switch at the rear of the cabinet. Press the Zero key to reset the display to zero. Place the volume cylinder and exhaust hammer on the pan of the electronic scale, press the Tare key to complete the taring operation, and then remove them. Mount the volume cylinder on the plastic base and place it on a horizontal workbench, insert the insert plate, place the exhaust hammer flat, and fit the middle cylinder in position; pour the prepared grain sample into the grain cylinder, fill it up and level it off, then fit the grain cylinder onto the middle cylinder. Open the hopper switch to allow the grain to fall freely. After all the samples have fallen into the volume cylinder, close the switch and pull out the insert piece quickly. After the exhaust hammer and samples settle down, reinsert the insert plate, and remove the grain cylinder and the middle cylinder in sequence. Pour off the excess sample on the insert piece of the volume cylinder, pull out the insert piece, and place the volume cylinder stably on the electronic scale. After the weight is stabilized (the word Stable is displayed on the left side of the screen), read the value. If the test result needs to be saved, press the Print key to print the detection data. For continuous testing of multiple groups of samples, press the Zero key to reset the display to zero, and then repeat the above steps to complete the subsequent measurements. Note: When measuring large-particle grains such as corn and legumes, remove the hopper slider; when measuring small-particle grains such as wheat and millet, install the hopper slider in position before the test.   Data Analysis and Result Evaluation   The bulk density of the wheat sample tested by the ST128 Electronic Bulk Density Meter is 780 g/L, which meets the national grade standard for high-quality wheat (bulk density ≥750 g/L). The instrument has a measurement division value of 1 g and a volume cylinder volume accuracy of 1000±1.5 ml, with the detection error controlled within the allowable range specified in the grain bulk density testing standards, featuring accurate data and good repeatability. The results of multiple repeated tests on large-particle grains such as corn and legumes show that the instrument has small measurement deviation, is suitable for the bulk density testing of grains with different particle sizes, and is characterized by easy operation and reliable results. It can meet the requirements of batch and rapid determination in grain purchasing, storage inspection and other application scenarios.

Test Method for Brookfield Viscosity of Gelatin Gelatin is a natural protein extracted from the bones or skins of animals (such as cattle and pigs). It has no fixed structure, but is soluble in hot water and forms a gel upon cooling. It is commonly used as a thickener in food products (e.g., jelly, yogurt) and also has numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Experimental Purpose The main objective of testing the Brookfield viscosity of gelatin is to quantify the flow characteristics of gelatin in aqueous solution, which is a core indicator for evaluating gelatin quality and directly relates to its suitability in food, pharmaceutical and other fields. Generally, a higher viscosity indicates a larger molecular weight and better quality of gelatin, enabling the formation of a firmer gel. Quality Control: To ensure that gelatin complies with specific industrial standards (e.g., pharmaceutical or food grade) and prevent substandard products from entering the market. Performance Prediction: To predict the performance of gelatin in practical applications (such as jelly setting and capsule formation) based on viscosity values. Research & Development and Comparison: To provide a scientific basis for new product development and the performance comparison of different batches of gelatin. Experimental Sample and Instruments Experimental Sample: Gelatin Experimental Instruments: ST-19A Digital Display Brookfield Viscometer, compliant with QB 2354 Experimental Procedures 1.Instrument Calibration：Turn on the super thermostat to stabilize the water temperature in the viscometer jacket at 60 ± 0.1℃. Check that the capillary tube is clean and free from residual air bubbles. 2.Solution Transfer：Pipette 10 mL of the gelatin solution and quickly pour it into the viscometer funnel, ensuring the liquid level is 2–3 cm above the upper graduation mark. Tap the wall of the funnel gently to remove air bubbles, then adjust the liquid level precisely to the upper graduation mark. 3.Viscosity Measurement：Start the stopwatch and record the time (t, in seconds) for the solution to flow from the upper graduation mark to the lower graduation mark of the capillary tube. Repeat the measurement three times and take the average value to reduce errors. Experimental Results The Brookfield viscosity of the Type A bone gelatin is 3.3 mPa·s, which is higher than the required value of 3.2 mPa·s for Type A gelatin. Therefore, this sample meets the standard for pharmaceutical gelatin.  

Test Method for Vacuum Distillation Range of Wax Oil Wax oil is a colorless, transparent, semi-solid or liquid substance obtained from petroleum, animal fats or vegetable oils through processes such as refining, decolorization and deodorization. It is mainly composed of macromolecular alkanes including cerane, isopentane and n-pentane, together with a small amount of low-molecular alkanes. It features high melting point, low viscosity and low volatility, and is widely used in candle making, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, lubricating oils, polishing agents and other fields. Experimental Purpose As a heavy petroleum product, the determination of the distillation range of wax oil is of great industrial significance. ①To evaluate its light and heavy component distribution and evaporation performance:As a complex mixture, wax oil has no fixed boiling point. Determination of its distillation curve can directly reflect the proportion of light and heavy components, demonstrate its vaporization characteristics at different temperatures, and thus evaluate its evaporation performance. ② For product quality assessment and process optimization:In the petroleum refining process, wax oil is often used as feedstock for secondary processing units such as catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. Determination of its distillation range provides key feed parameters for the process, helping to adjust reaction temperature, pressure and catalyst activity, so as to optimize product quality. In addition, distillation range data can reflect key physical properties such as viscosity, calorific value and molecular weight. Judging the distillation range width or final boiling point can identify the composition of wax oil and evaluate its product quality. ③ To provide a basis for engineering design:The distillation range data of wax oil serves as the foundation for designing distillation units (such as vacuum distillation towers) and conducting thermodynamic calculations. It helps to determine operating conditions including the number of theoretical plates and reflux ratio required for separating different components, providing necessary engineering parameters for industrial production. Experimental Apparatus ① SD-0165 Vacuum Distillation Range Tester ② Auxiliary materials: unglazed porcelain rings, vacuum grease, chemically pure anhydrous calcium chloride, cleaning solvent, etc. Experimental Procedures ① Inspect the instrument and all vessels to ensure they are dry and free of contamination, then connect the power supply. ② Take the sample and perform dehydration treatment. Weigh or measure 100 mL or an equivalent mass of the sample, and transfer it into a clean distillation flask containing porcelain rings. Record the temperature at which the sample is measured, then place a thermometer at the center of the distillation flask neck. ③ Start the vacuum pump, close the vent valve, check the airtightness of the system, and adjust the vent valve to achieve the required residual pressure for the test. ④ Apply heat. During distillation, control the time from the initial boiling point to 10% distillate recovery to be no more than 6 minutes; control the distillate recovery rate at 4–5 mL per minute between 10% and 90% recovery. At 90% recovery, one final adjustment of heating intensity is permitted to ensure the time from 90% to the final boiling point does not exceed 5 minutes. ⑤ Record the temperature and distillate percentage in accordance with the requirements of the sample technical standard, and simultaneously record the residual pressure and time. The fluctuation of residual pressure during distillation shall not exceed 0.5 mmHg. ⑥ Stop heating when distillation reaches the final boiling point. Remove the thermal insulation cover, allow the thermometer to cool naturally to below 100℃, then slowly vent the system. After the mercury vacuum gauge returns to its original position, stop the vacuum pump. ⑦ Convert all measured temperatures under vacuum to equivalent temperatures at atmospheric pressure using the atmospheric-vacuum temperature conversion chart. Repeat the experiment 1 to 2 times. Experimental Results and Analysis After testing and analysis, the distillation properties of the wax oil are determined as follows: Initial boiling point: 275℃ 50% recovery temperature: 396℃ 95% recovery temperature: 448℃ The results meet the applicable petroleum product standards.

Determination of Paraffin Penetration Overview   Paraffin is a hydrocarbon mixture extracted from certain distillates of petroleum, shale oil or other bituminous mineral oils. Its main component is solid alkane. It is odorless, tasteless, and appears as a white or pale yellow translucent solid. With excellent sealing, insulating and lubricating properties, it is widely used in food packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, candle manufacturing, industrial lubrication and other fields.   Purpose of the Experiment   The penetration value of paraffin can determine its hardness, viscosity and service performance (the higher the penetration value, the softer the paraffin and the stronger its fluidity), providing a key basis for production quality control and application selection of paraffin. This experiment is carried out in accordance with GB/T4985 Determination Method of Paraffin Penetration. The SH017A Automatic Paraffin Penetration Tester is designed and manufactured in compliance with this standard, enabling accurate and efficient testing.   Experiment Procedure Experimental Samples and Instruments Experimental Samples: Paraffin samples to be tested Experimental Instruments: SH017A Automatic Paraffin Penetration Tester Auxiliary tools including sample cups and cleaning reagents Operating Steps Carefully fill the sample cup with the paraffin sample to about 2mm above the cup rim. Vibrate the sample cup on a flat table for 5 minutes to remove air bubbles, and then scrape the surface of the sample flat. Place the sample cup on the bracket in the water bath of the instrument, set the constant temperature at 25℃±0.5℃, and let it stand at constant temperature for 24 hours. Click the touch screen of the instrument to log in to the operation interface, and adjust the tip of the needle to just contact the sample surface through the fast lifting and fine-tuning functions. Enter the parameter setting interface, input information such as sample name and sample number, and preset the number of tests. Click "Start Test". The instrument automatically completes the penetration test via the high-precision displacement sensor. After the test, it automatically calculates the average value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation, and supports automatic result printing. If continuous testing is required, you can directly click "Continue Test" for the next group of experiments without turning off the instrument.   Data Analysis and Result Evaluation   Tested by the SH017A Automatic Paraffin Penetration Tester, the penetration value of the paraffin sample is within the instrument's measurement range of 0～700 penetration units, and the measurement accuracy is controlled within ±1 penetration unit, complying with the requirements of GB/T4985 standard. The experimental results are exported to a USB flash drive in CSV or Excel format for archiving. The data shows that the sample has stable penetration and the coefficient of variation is lower than the allowable range. It can be determined that the paraffin sample meets the standards for texture uniformity and service performance.  

    Standard Procedure AOCS Cd 12c-16: Accelerated Oxidation Test for Determining the Oxidative Stability of Foods, Oils and Fats Using OXITEST Oxidation Tester     Lipid oxidation is the main factor limiting the shelf life of fat- and oil-containing foods. Various methods are available to assess the rate of lipid oxidation in foods. However, these techniques require extracting fat from food samples prior to oxidation testing. In contrast, the Oxitest instrument (Model: ST149B Oil Oxidation Tester; Origin: China; Manufacturer: Shandong Shengtai Instrument Co., Ltd.) can analyze fat oxidation in whole food samples, providing a simpler and faster method.   1. Basic Principles and Characteristics of the Instrument     OXITEST adopts the official AOCS method Cd12c-16, accelerating the oxidation process through two factors: temperature and pressure, enabling experimental data to be obtained within hours. The instrument places the sample in a high-oxidation environment, measures the pressure change in the oxidation reaction chamber of Shengtai Instrument, monitors the oxygen consumption of reactive components in the sample, and automatically generates the Induction Period (IP) value. The longer the IP value, the better the antioxidant stability of the product.     The OXITEST software supports multiple applications:   - Repeatability testing: A series of tests performed on the same sample or standard to verify its IP period and calculate the accuracy and repeatability of data. - Freshness testing: Verify the quality of different batches (e.g., the same raw material) and make comparisons. - Formula comparison: Identify a stable formula for finished products under the same conditions. - Packaging comparison: Test which packaging can keep the product fresh. - IP during aging: Obtain a downward curve of IP of the product during its shelf life. - Shelf life estimation: Predict the oxidative stability during the shelf life.   Compared with traditional methods, it saves analysis time and is specially designed for R&D, product development and quality control laboratories. Shandong Shengtai Instrument Co., Ltd. provides you with excellent analytical solutions for the oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of foods, oils and fats.

Test Method for Aniline Point of Engine Oil Engine oil, also known as engine lubricating oil, is a binary lubricant composed of base oil and additives, with a chemical formula of mixture. Its density is approximately 0.91×10³ kg/m³. Under normal temperature and pressure conditions, it is a clear amber or dark brown liquid, featuring low-temperature operability, excellent viscosity-temperature properties, oxidation resistance and foam resistance. It is commonly used in the maintenance of various types of engines, playing the roles of lubrication and anti-wear, auxiliary cooling and temperature reduction, sealing and leak prevention, rust and corrosion prevention, as well as shock absorption and buffering. Purpose of the Experiment： In the fields of chemistry and scientific research, the determination of the aniline point of engine oil helps to assess its environmental risks; reflect the composition and purity of the oil product, and assist in judging whether the oil product complies with relevant standards and specifications; guide the selection and application of the product; evaluate its compatibility with aromatic hydrocarbon substances and high-temperature stability, so as to prevent the oil product from precipitating sediments or reacting with rubber seals during actual use, which may affect operational safety. The experiment is carried out in accordance with the GB/T 262 standard. The SD262B Automatic Aniline Point Tester manufactured by Shengtai Instruments complies with this standard and is selected for the experiment. Experimental Instruments & Samples ①SD262B Automatic Aniline Point Tester ②Auxiliary items including test tubes, aniline, sodium sulfate for industrial use, n-heptane, cleaning solvents, etc. Testing method： ①Inspect components such as the temperature sensor and photoelectric detector, and perform necessary adjustments and calibrations. ②Select the test mode according to the sample properties and set the expected temperature range. ③Inject the sample into the sample tube, avoiding bubble formation or overflow. ④Start the test; the instrument will automatically complete heating, stirring, cooling and endpoint determination with full-process intelligent control. ⑤After the test is completed, the instrument displays and stores the aniline point temperature value, and supports printing or data export. Experimental Results： Through multiple experimental tests and analyses, the aniline point of this engine oil is greater than 85°C, which complies with the standard.